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Ingredient & advertising guide

This page has two jobs. First, it explains every line printed on the panel of the bag we sell, what each ingredient is, and what the research does and does not say about it, including who was in each study, at what amount and who paid for it. Second, and this is the part most advertising pages leave out, it lists the headlines we run, tells you which ones are exaggerated, and separates the small number of things that are genuinely supported by evidence from the many that are not.

1. Our headlines, and what is actually true

These are the headlines we have run, grouped by the claim they make. The right-hand column is our own plain assessment. We have marked each family of headlines as Exaggerated, Partly true, Withdrawn, Our headline was wrong or Broadly supported.

The headline as you saw it	What is actually behind it
"Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Spell These 3 Words. Test Now""Top Doctors Say Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Pronounce These 3 Phrases. Can You?""MDs Say Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Pronounce These 3 Phrases. Can You?""Memory Decline Begins When Seniors Say These 3 Phrases (See The List)""Declining Memory Begins When Seniors Say These 7 Phrases. See Which Ones"	Exaggerated There is no set of three words, three phrases or seven phrases whose spelling or pronunciation marks the beginning of anything. Nothing "begins" at a word. Word tasks do appear inside the short memory checks clinicians use, but those checks are given in person and read alongside your history, what you take daily and your age. Failing a word online means nothing on its own: plenty of people stumble over a word when they are tired, nervous or being timed. "Top doctors" and "MDs" refer to no specific person. See section 4.
"Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Drinking These 3 Beverages""Japan's Greatest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Drinking These 3 Beverages""Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Eating These 3 Foods""Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Stop Eating These 3 Foods"	Exaggerated No group of Japanese doctors issued this statement. There is no such panel, no such list, and no source we can point you to. Japan appears in the headline because it is widely associated with long life, which makes the claim feel credible. That is a marketing decision, not a citation. The second half is also wrong. Memory changes with age for everyone, and no diet removes that. What is true is narrower: certain long-term eating and drinking patterns travel with faster slippage on thinking tests in large population studies. [1] Association is not proof of cause, and "just avoid these three" is not how any of it works.
"Nobel Prize's Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Stop Eating These 3 Foods"	Withdrawn We retract this one outright. No Nobel laureate has endorsed this page, this product, or any list of three foods on our behalf. Attaching the Nobel Prize to an advertisement implies an authority that does not exist and we should not have run it.
"The Overlooked Boxed Cereal Now Tied to 8 Out of 10 Memory Cases"	Our headline was wrong There is no such statistic. No study ties any cereal to eight out of ten cases of anything, "memory cases" is not a category any researcher uses, and no cereal has been "overlooked" by anyone: the sugar figure is printed on the side of every box. The number was invented for the headline and we withdraw it. See section 3 for the honest version, which is duller and shorter: what you eat over years matters more than any single box.
"Brain Experts Now Say These 3 Cereals Age the Brain Faster Than Time""Scientists Now Say This 1 Cereal Ages the Brain Faster Than Time"	Exaggerated No food ages the brain "faster than time." That phrase was written for effect and it is not a finding from any study. It is also internally inconsistent: in one version it is three cereals, in another it is one, because the number is something we test for click-through, not something anyone measured. See section 3.
"Doctors Now Say This Popular Evening Drink Is Behind Memory Loss""Doctors Now Say This Popular Evening Drink Is Behind Brain Health Decline"	Partly true The "evening drink" is alcohol, and cutting back on it is a genuinely good idea for your nights and for a great deal else. What is overstated is the word "behind." No named doctor said this, alcohol is one contributing factor among many rather than the cause of memory slips, and no page selling a powder should be telling you otherwise. It is also worth saying plainly: the bag we sell contains no alcohol and no caffeine, and it does not offset either one.
"Doctors Name 5 Popular Drinks Now Tied To Memory Decline. Coffee Tops The List""Seniors: These 4 Drinks May Be Aging Your Brain Faster""The 4 Drinks Brain Doctors Want Seniors to Quit""Neurologists Say Cognitive Decline Isn't Age: Just Stop Drinking These 2 Popular Drinks""Doctors: 3 Popular Drinks Now Tied to Memory Loss in Seniors"	Exaggerated Notice that the count changes: two drinks, three, four, five. It changes because it is an advertising variable we rotate, not a number that came out of a study. No neurologist is named in any version, because none was consulted. "Coffee tops the list" is the clearest thing we have got wrong, and on this page it is worse than usual, because the product we sell is a powder whose own label tells you to stir it into coffee. The Food and Drug Administration cites 400 milligrams of caffeine a day, about two to three 12-ounce cups of brewed coffee, as an amount not generally associated with negative effects in most healthy adults. [2] See section 2.
"Brain Doctors: Quit These 4 Drinks Before It's Too Late"	Exaggerated No brain doctor was consulted for this headline, and there is no "too late." The deadline was invented to make you click. The four drinks are the ones in section 2: alcohol, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, energy drinks and sweetened coffee-shop drinks. Cutting back on them is sensible for your nights, your weight and your wallet. There is no evidence that quitting them on any particular day changes anything about your memory, and there is no age after which the change stops being worth making.
"Memory Slipping? Check These 4 Everyday Drinks First"	Partly true Half right, in the wrong order. If your memory is slipping, the first thing to check is not a drink; it is a conversation with your own clinician about your nights, your hearing and what you take daily, none of which is settled by changing what you pour. The four drinks are the everyday ones in section 2. Not enough plain water belongs on the list too, and it is the one with the clearest evidence behind it. [3] [4]
"America's Top Experts Say Mental Decline Isn't Aging: Just Avoid These 5 Kitchen Drinks"	Exaggerated The same construction as the "Japan's doctors" headline above, with the country changed. No panel of American experts issued this statement, and we cannot point you to one. Memory changes with age, and no drink removes that. The five kitchen drinks are in section 2, where the honest version of each is written out. "Just avoid" overstates what any of that evidence shows.
"Still Sharp at 90? Seniors Are Rethinking These 3 Everyday Foods"	Partly true The gentlest of our headlines, and still an overstatement. Nobody knows what keeps a particular person sharp at 90, and no single food does it. The three everyday foods are sugary breakfast cereals, processed meats and packaged baked goods, all in section 3. Eating less of them is part of the long, slow habits in section 5, and no food is a promise at any age.
"Seven Adaptogens in One Scoop of Morning Coffee"	Exaggerated This is our own headline about this bag and the count in it is not right. The panel on the back prints six lines with a weight beside each: lion's mane, cordyceps, cacao, bacopa, rhodiola and vitamin B12. Cacao is a food and vitamin B12 is a vitamin, so neither is an adaptogen by any definition anyone uses. The seventh name, organic blueberry powder, sits under other ingredients with no amount printed at all. The honest count is four plants, one food, one vitamin and a berry in the carrier section. See section 6.
"Two Grams of Tan Powder, and Which Shelf of the Pantry It Belongs On"	Broadly supported This is the headline of our own article about this bag, and it promises nothing beyond what the article does: it sorts every line of the panel onto the kitchen shelf where it would live. That sorting checks out against the bag itself. Cacao and the blueberry powder are foods; the lion's mane and cordyceps come from foods but are printed as extracts with no concentration ratio; bacopa and rhodiola are herb extracts you would not find at a grocer; and the vitamin B12 is the same form used in fortified foods, at 500 micrograms. The headline does not say the powder works. On the amounts, see section 6: the lion's mane is at a sixth of the 3.2 grams a day used for twelve weeks in thirty-one adults over 50, [5] and the bacopa is at two-thirds of the 300 milligrams used for twelve weeks in adults over 55 and over 65. [6] [7]
"Neurologists Name 5 Popular Prescriptions Now Tied to Memory Decline"	Partly true, and the one not to act on alone No neurologist named a list for us, and we will not print one. What is true is that pharmacists keep lists of everyday products, some sold over the counter, that are often a poor fit after 65, and that a yearly look at everything you take is worth having. But an advertisement is the worst possible reason to change anything a clinician gave you: never stop or change it because of something you read in an ad, including ours. Put everything you take in one bag, this pouch included, and ask your pharmacist. See the box at the end of section 2.

2. Every drink our ads point at

Our headlines have referred, in different versions, to "3 beverages", "4 drinks", "5 popular drinks", "2 popular drinks" and "this popular evening drink" without ever naming them. Here is the complete list of what we were pointing at, and what the research actually supports for each one. Where a study is cited, it is observational unless stated otherwise: it can show that two things travel together in a population, not that one causes the other.

3. Every food our ads point at

The food headlines referred to "3 foods" and to "cereals": one cereal in some versions, three in others. Again, the number was ours, not a finding. Here is what was meant, and what stands behind it.

4. The "3 words" and "7 phrases" tests

Several of our headlines invite you to test yourself on words or phrases: spell these three words, pronounce these three phrases, see whether you say these seven phrases. There is no such validated test, and we cannot give you a real one, because a real one does not work that way.

What an actual memory check looks like. Clinicians use short structured checks. They do include word tasks: recalling three unrelated words after a delay, naming animals, repeating a sentence. But three things make them different from an online quiz:

• They are given in person, in a standard way, by someone trained to do it.
• The score is read against your age and education, not against a fixed pass mark.
• A low score is a reason for a longer conversation with your clinician, never a verdict by itself.

These checks also produce false alarms. A bad night, trouble hearing, and simply being nervous all lower scores in people whose memory is fine. This is precisely why an online word quiz is meaningless: it has none of the context that makes the real check useful.

5. Everyday habits worth more than any bag of powder

If we only had one section to be useful in, this would be it. None of these is a supplement, a pouch, or a list of three foods, and none of them can be sold to you by us.

• Sleep enough, at regular hours, and keep caffeine to the morning. ^[2]
• Drink plain water through the day. In 1,111 adults aged 60 to 89, those who were measurably short of water slipped faster on a test of processing speed than the rest. ^[3] A review of eighteen studies covering 33,707 adults over 60 called that evidence real but sparse. ^[4]
• Get your hearing and your eyesight checked, and use hearing aids or glasses if you need them: straining to hear or see looks a great deal like not remembering.
• Walk, most days. Regular walking counts.
• Drink less alcohol.
• Eat more like the pattern in the three-year trial and less from the packet shelf. ^[1]
• Stay in touch with people. Conversation is exercise for memory.
• Keep learning something: a language, an instrument, a route you have never driven.
• Once a year, take everything you take to the pharmacist.
• Ask your clinician for a B12 level if nobody has checked it in a few years; the stomach absorbs less of it with age, and somewhere between 3 and 43 percent of older adults living at home test low. ^[9]

These are unglamorous. They cannot be delivered in a headline, they take years, and they are, by a wide margin, the most useful things on this entire page.

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6. Ingredient guide: what is actually in the scoop we sell

What each line printed on the panel of Four Sigmatic Focus Mushroom Blend is, what it is traditionally used for, and what the cited research says, including who was in each study, at what amount and who paid for it. One scoop is three-quarters of a tablespoon, two grams, and the pouch holds thirty. Three notes on the panel itself. The six numbered lines add up to about 1,500 milligrams of the 2,000-milligram scoop, so roughly a quarter of it is the blueberry powder and whatever else makes up the rest, none of which carries a declared amount. The panel prints no standardization percentage and no concentration ratio for any of the extracts, so their strength is the maker's to declare and cannot be converted into the amounts used in the studies below. And two of the six numbered lines, cacao and vitamin B12, are not adaptogens by any definition, although the front of the pouch counts them among seven.

Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin)

A vitamin found naturally only in animal foods — meat, fish, eggs and dairy — and in fortified products. The body absorbs it through a two-step process in the stomach and small intestine that becomes less efficient with age, which is why supplement doses are often many times the daily requirement: only a small percentage of a large oral dose is taken up.

What the research says. A Cochrane review of 14 trials in 27,882 cognitively healthy adults concluded that B-vitamin supplements, including vitamin B12, probably have little or no effect on global cognitive function up to five years.^[10] That review says nothing about people who are actually short of B12; in the European Union the vitamin carries authorised claims that it contributes to normal psychological function, to normal functioning of the nervous system and to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.

Amount per serving in Focus Mushroom Blend. 500 mcg (20,833 % of the Daily Value)

Good to know. No upper limit has been set, because unabsorbed vitamin B12 is not stored. A blood test is the only way to know whether you are short of it; ask your doctor rather than guessing.

Lion's mane (Hericium erinaceus), fruiting body

An edible mushroom with long, white, downward-hanging spines that grows on older beech and oak trees in temperate forests across the Northern Hemisphere. It is eaten as food, especially in East Asia and the United States, with a texture often compared to crab or lobster.

Traditional and everyday use. Known as yamabushitake in Japan and houtougu in China, it has a long history of use as a food and in East Asian and Native American traditions.

What the research says. In a 12-week placebo-controlled trial of 31 healthy adults over 50, a daily lion's mane fruiting-body preparation (3.2 g/day) was associated with higher scores on a standard mental-status test compared with placebo.^[5] A visual-retention test in the same trial did not change, and the dose was far larger than most blends and extracts deliver. In a separate pilot trial in 41 healthy adults aged 18 to 45, a single 1.8 g dose was associated with faster performance on the Stroop task an hour later, while 28 days of it produced only a non-significant trend on self-rated stress.^[11]

Amount per serving in Focus Mushroom Blend. 500 mg (a sixth of the 3.2 g a day used in the 12-week trial in adults over 50)

Good to know. Generally regarded as safe as a food. Stomach discomfort, nausea and skin rash were reported by a few participants in one clinical study. Avoid if you are allergic to mushrooms.

Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris), fruiting body extract

An orange club-shaped fungus grown commercially on grain or in liquid culture, sold as a stand-in for the wild caterpillar fungus of Tibet, which is far too rare and expensive for a supplement.

Traditional and everyday use. The wild fungus has a long history in Chinese practice as a tonic; the cultivated species is a modern substitute.

What the research says. We did not register a randomized trial of cordyceps on memory or attention in healthy adults for this page; the human studies we saw were about exercise performance and were small or mixed.

Amount per serving in Focus Mushroom Blend. 250 mg

Good to know. Generally well tolerated as a food; ask a pharmacist if you take anything that affects the immune system or clotting.

Cacao (Theobroma cacao), seed powder

The fermented, dried seed of the cacao tree, ground without roasting or alkalizing; the raw material of chocolate, rich in flavanols and a source of a little caffeine and theobromine.

Traditional and everyday use. Drunk as a bitter beverage in Mesoamerica for millennia; the powder in a supplement is a flavor and a source of flavanols.

What the research says. We did not register a memory trial of cacao for this page. Three hundred milligrams is a small pinch, about a tenth of a teaspoon; the flavanol trials in adults used gram-scale cocoa drinks.

Amount per serving in Focus Mushroom Blend. 300 mg

Good to know. Safe as a food. It carries a trace of caffeine and theobromine; the product is labeled caffeine-free because the amount is negligible.

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri, water hyssop), whole plant

A creeping perennial of wet ground and pond edges across India, with small oblong leaves and white to pale purple flowers. In some parts of India the name "brahmi" is also given to gotu kola, which is a different plant; some products list both.

Traditional and everyday use. One of the best-known plants of Ayurvedic practice, traditionally associated with memory, calm and sleep.

What the research says. This is the one ingredient on the tin with trials in the right age group. In 54 healthy adults aged 65 and older, 300 mg a day of a standardized extract for 12 weeks was associated with better delayed word recall and better performance on a task of ignoring distractions than placebo, with no effect on divided attention or working memory.^[6] In 98 healthy adults over 55, the same daily amount for 12 weeks was associated with better verbal learning and delayed recall, while other measures did not differ.^[7] A meta-analysis of nine such trials found faster performance on two attention-speed tests, by milliseconds, and called for a large well-designed trial.^[12] All of that used standardized extracts in tablets for at least three months. A pinch of dried plant steeped in a twelve-ingredient tea blend, or a fraction of a milligram of glycosides in a spray, is not the same thing, and nobody has tested either.

Amount per serving in Focus Mushroom Blend. 200 mg (two thirds of the 300 mg a day used in the trials in adults over 55)

Good to know. The trials reported more stomach upset, looser stools, cramps and nausea than placebo.^[7] Reference texts advise caution for anyone who takes anything daily for the body's own hormones, note it may slow the heart rate, and note it can affect how the organ that processes what you swallow handles some medicines. Talk to your doctor before use if you take anything daily.

Rhodiola rosea root extract

A plant known as arctic root, golden root or rose root that grows in cold regions and at high altitude in Europe, Asia and North America. The root is the part used.

Traditional and everyday use. A long history of use in Russia, Scandinavia and other parts of Europe for fatigue and work performance.

What the research says. In a double-blind crossover study of 56 healthy young physicians on night duty, one tablet a day of a standardized extract was associated with better scores on tests of mental fatigue during the first two weeks.^[13] The National Institutes of Health states there is not enough reliable evidence to say whether rhodiola is useful for any health-related purpose.

Amount per serving in Focus Mushroom Blend. 250 mg

Good to know. Possibly safe for up to 12 weeks; side effects reported include dizziness, headache, trouble sleeping and dry mouth. Little is known about safety in pregnancy or breastfeeding. Talk to your doctor before use if you take anything daily.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This information does not constitute medical advice and it should not be relied upon as such. This product is not a substitute for medication or other treatment prescribed by a physician or health care provider. Consult your doctor before starting any dietary supplement.

7. What we can and cannot promise

Set against the headlines that brought you here, this is the complete and honest position.

Things we cannot promise, and that nobody selling you a supplement can:

• That this powder will improve your memory, your attention or your concentration.
• That it will stop memory from changing with age.
• That it offsets alcohol, sugar, packaged food, or any drink or food named on this page.
• That it can replace anything a clinician gave you, or make a yearly look at everything you take unnecessary.
• That any doctor in Japan, any Nobel laureate, any neurologist or any "brain expert" recommends it. None has.
• That a word or phrase quiz can tell you anything about your brain.
• That the front of the pouch counts correctly. It says seven adaptogens; the panel prints six lines with weights, two of which are a food and a vitamin, and the seventh name has no amount at all.
• That the lion's mane reaches the amount of its trial. Thirty-one healthy adults over 50 took 3.2 grams a day for twelve weeks; ^[5] this scoop carries 500 milligrams, a sixth of that. A second trial used a single 1.8-gram dose in adults aged 18 to 45. ^[11]
• That the bacopa reaches the amount of its trials either. Both trials in adults over 55 and over 65 used 300 milligrams a day for twelve weeks; ^{[6] [7]} this scoop carries 200, and one pouch is thirty days rather than eighty-four.
• That the rhodiola line is about you. Its most-cited trial ran two weeks in fifty-six young hospital clinicians on night duty, and its published summary does not state the dose in milligrams at all. ^[13]
• That the vitamin B12 does anything for a man who is not short of it. A review of fourteen trials in 27,882 adults with healthy thinking found B vitamins probably have little or no effect on overall thinking up to five years. ^[10]
• That the cordyceps or the cacao does anything for memory. We could not find a trial of either, at these amounts, in healthy older adults, and we will not borrow one from a study of something else.
• That the blueberry powder does what the berry research suggests. That research used a concentrate providing 387 milligrams of anthocyanidins a day in twenty-six older adults; ^[14] this pouch does not print how much blueberry powder it contains.

Things we can say honestly:

• It is a 2.12-ounce (60 g) resealable pouch made and sold by Four Sigma Foods, Inc. of Santa Monica, California, with a scoop inside. Every line printed on the panel is explained above.
• One scoop is three-quarters of a tablespoon, two grams, and the pouch holds thirty. At one scoop a day that is thirty mornings, which is a clean arrangement and shorter than the twelve weeks every trial above ran for.
• A scoop declares five calories and two grams of carbohydrate, and no caffeine. The label's own direction is to add it to coffee, tea or a smoothie, or to work it into what you bake.
• The vitamin B12 line is 500 micrograms, about 208 times the Daily Value of 2.4 micrograms. No upper limit has been set for vitamin B12, because it has very little potential to cause harm. ^[9]
• Bacopa's trials reported stomach complaints as the most common unwanted effect, so if your stomach objects in the first week, that is the commonest reported reaction and not a sign you are doing it wrong. ^{[6] [7]}
• The seller gives 45 days from the initial purchase date, and the terms accept only unopened items with the seal intact, after writing first to info@foursigmafoods.com. A qualifying return is refunded at the price of the item minus a three percent processing fee and minus the original shipping, and the customer pays the return postage. In practice, an opened pouch cannot be returned at all.
• The company publishes a street address in Santa Monica, a telephone number, (855) 400-8584, and an email, support@foursigmatic.com. Its own contact page also prints a registered address on Centerville Road in Wilmington, Delaware, which is the kind of registered address many companies keep for legal filings, not a second place of business.
• We print no price, because the seller sets it and it changes. Look at it, and at the shipping line for your address, before you click.
• This site quotes no customer reviews of this product anywhere. The review widget on the seller's product page carries 5,352 reviews belonging to the whole store, and we could not find one that names this powder, so we use none of them.
• We earn a commission if you buy. That is our interest in this, stated plainly.
• Nothing here is medical advice, and none of it replaces your own clinician.

8. Questions people ask us

Did a Japanese doctor, a Nobel laureate or a neurologist really say this?

No. Those attributions are advertising language. No named or identifiable expert made those statements, and none has endorsed this product.

So is coffee bad for my memory or not?

None of the studies on this page is about plain coffee, and our "Coffee Tops The List" headline overstated it. What is worth watching is added sugar in coffee drinks, and caffeine late enough in the day to cost you a night. The Food and Drug Administration cites 400 milligrams a day as an amount not generally associated with negative effects in most healthy adults. ^[2] The powder itself carries none.

Is it really seven adaptogens?

No. The panel prints six lines with a weight beside each, and two of those six are a food (cacao) and a vitamin (B12), neither of which is an adaptogen. The seventh name, organic blueberry powder, is listed under other ingredients with no amount.

Which line on the panel has the best support?

The bacopa. Its trials used 300 milligrams a day for twelve weeks in healthy adults over 55 and over 65, with better delayed recall and verbal learning than placebo and several other measures unchanged. ^{[6] [7]} A meta-analysis of nine trials in 518 people found faster attention speed and asked for a large well-designed trial. ^[12] This scoop carries 200 milligrams.

What about the lion's mane? It is the name on the front.

Five hundred milligrams of a fruiting-body extract, against the 3.2 grams a day used for twelve weeks by thirty-one healthy adults over 50 in the trial most often cited for it. ^[5] That is a sixth of the amount, and the trial itself was small and positive on one test only.

Should I ask anyone before I take it?

Yes, if you take anything daily. Take the pouch, and everything else you take, to your pharmacist before the first scoop.

How long does a pouch last?

Thirty mornings, at one scoop a day. Sixty grams divided by a two-gram scoop is thirty exactly.

What if it arrives and I do not like the taste?

You are keeping it. The 45-day return covers unopened items with the seal intact, so a pouch you have opened to taste cannot be sent back.

Are there reviews of this powder?

Not that we could use. The widget on the seller's product page belongs to the whole store, the reviews under it are about other products, and we found none that names this powder, so none appears on our pages.

If your own headlines are exaggerated, why should I believe this page?

A fair question. Do not take our word for it. The references below are real, published sources you can look up yourself, and nothing in sections 4 and 5 requires you to buy anything or trust us. If this page and our headlines disagree, believe this page.

Does this page cost anything?

No. There is nothing to sign up for, and you are welcome to read it, close the tab and never come back.

Can I check these claims myself?

Yes, and you should. Every numbered reference below can be found by searching its authors and journal. For general information, the National Institute on Aging (nia.nih.gov) publishes plain-language material and sells nothing.

References

These are the sources behind the claims marked with a number above. Several are observational studies, which can show association but not cause. The lion's mane trial had thirty-one participants; the bacopa trials used a standardized extract at an amount this pouch does not reach; the rhodiola study ran in young clinicians on night duty and states no dose; the berry study used a concentrate; the fact sheets are the governments' own. None of them tested this pouch. We have deliberately not cited anything for the claims we describe as exaggerated, because there is nothing to cite.

1. Barnes L.L. et al. (2023). New England Journal of Medicine 389(7):602-611 doi.org
2. US FDA Consumer Update. "Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine Is Too Much?" (updated 2024-08-28) fda.gov
3. Mantantzis K. et al. (2020). Psychology and Aging 35(4):517-528 doi.org
4. Edmonds C.J. et al. (2021). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 95:104380 doi.org
5. Saitsu Y. et al. (2019). Biomedical Research 40(4):125-131 doi.org
6. Calabrese C. et al. (2008). Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 14(6):707-713 doi.org
7. Morgan A., Stevens J. (2010). Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16(7):753-759 doi.org
8. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2015). Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA Journal 13(5):4102 doi.org
9. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. "Vitamin B12: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals" (updated July 2, 2025) ods.od.nih.gov
10. Rutjes A.W.S. et al. (2018). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD011906 doi.org
11. Docherty S. et al. (2023). Nutrients 15(22):4842 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
12. Kongkeaw C. et al. (2014). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151(1):528-535 doi.org
13. Darbinyan V. et al. (2000). Phytomedicine 7(5):365-371 doi.org
14. Bowtell J.L. et al. (2017). Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42(7):773-779 doi.org

Citing a study does not mean the study is about this product. The studies above tested one ingredient at a time, in other people, at amounts this pouch does not match, not the pouch itself; none of the research tested Four Sigmatic Focus Mushroom Blend, and none of it supports it.

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